It is one of the main stations along BDZ Line 1, and a hub of Lines 2, 5 and 13. [93] In 343 AD, the Council of Sardica was held in the city, in a church located where the current 6th century Church of Saint Sophia was later built. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. Opportunities for sport and recreation in the capital are many and varied outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, modern gymnasiums and sports halls, and parks. Demographic Information. The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative.". [173] The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship. [166] In 2015, Forbes listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a startup business, because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq. The maximum vertical drop is 780 meters. Winters are relatively cold and snowy. [28] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66million. Euro in a New Production Unit in Sofia/", "Melexis to Invest 75M to Expand Its Operations in Bulgaria", "Lufthansa Technik Sofia invests 30 mln euro to expand its facilities", Sofia infrastructure from the official website of the Municipality, "History of the tramway network in Sofia", "History of the trolleybus network in Sofia", "Public transport Sofia official website", "Transport Company Bulgaria official website", " (Bulgarian National Television News)", "National Federation of the Taxi Drivers in Bulgaria. [25], The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing. - . [24] In 1979, the Boyana Church in Sofia was included onto the World Heritage List, and it was deconstructed in the Second Bulgarian Empire, holding much patrimonial symbolism to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Amid of the citys religious landmarks, directly across from The Presidential Palace, is the National Archeological Museum, which has in its collection some of the most valuable treasures discovered in Bulgaria. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages. Inmate Detail - CANO-CIFUENTES, JUAN LUIS. [78], The earliest tribes who settled were the Thracian Tilataei. Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin. Limes. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of Dacia Aureliana,[88] and when Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. [43][44] Fog is not unusual, especially in the beginning of the season. A map of Sofia Valley. Not far from the mosque is a synagogue, which houses a museum. For example, one of the citys most popular venues for business forums and trade fairs is the National Palace of Culture. In 986, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II laid siege to Sredets but after 20 days of fruitless assaults the garrison broke out and forced the Byzantines to abandon the campaign. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the 23rd, 24th and 25th Multi-member Constituencies, which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly. Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. The city was destroyed in the 447 invasion of the Huns and laid in ruins for a century[80] It was rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the Bulgarian National Revival. Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. For more information about the park, please contact the Vitosha Nature Preservation Information Center, located roughly 1 km from the Dragolevtsi Quarter, close to the Dragolevtsi Monastery. Akademai Klado, 1966. Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grnanger, Adolf Vclav Kol, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after Plovdiv, Varna, Ruse and Shumen. [117] Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. They are Aleko and Konyarnika. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. [109], Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers. The Museum of Socialist Art includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in communist Bulgaria. In addition, Sofia hosted EuroBasket 1957 and the 1961 and 1977 Summer Universiades, as well as the 1983 and 1989 winter editions. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I, which led to his demise at the hands of the Bulgarian army. In July 2016 the Vitosha Metro Station was opened on the M2 main line. One of the most popular tourist destinations in Sofia, the church can hold roughly 5,000 people, and on important Christian holidays, it is filled with believers. There are around 13,000 taxi cabs operating in the city. Aleko is at an altitude of 1,800 meters, and its slopes face north. As incarcerated individuals progress to lower security levels, they receive additional privileges and autonomy to make pro-social decisions. Name . [207], A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings are preserved in the centre of the city. Armeets Arena holds many indoor events and has a capacity of up to 19,000 people depending on its use. Known as Serdica in Antiquity and Sredets in the Middle Ages, Sofia has been an area of human habitation since at least 7000 BC. It is thought that the church was built in the 6th century, during the reign of Constantine the Great. Manufacturing has registered a strong recovery since 2012, increasing the exports three-fold and the employment by 52% accounting for over 70,000 jobs. [68] Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. This guide presents six key elements that, in combination, will help jails reduce a wide array of negative, destructive, and dangerous inmate behavior (p. v). Very close to Saint Sofia is The Memorial Church Saint Alexander Nevsky, now one of the citys most recognizable symbols. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. Three of the ten Pan-European Transport Corridors cross the city: IV, VIII and X. Sofia City Province has an area of 1344km2,[40] while the surrounding and much bigger Sofia Province is 7,059km2. The city was also an applicant for the 2014 Winter Olympics, but was not selected as candidate. [138] Many of the most severe crimes are contract killings that are connected to organised crime, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)", "Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. [125] A precedent happened, due to the suspicion, as a preventative action between 300 and 5000 people and counters had been locked inside Arena Armeets against their will for two days,[126] following which the director of the Electoral Commission of Sofia resigned at the request of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. The Thracians, Iztok Zapad, Sofia, 2011. The infant mortality rate was 5.6 per 1,000, down from 18.9 in 1980. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6mm (11.99in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6mm (41.99in). [73] Even areas with few sources of air pollution, like Gorna Banya, had PM2.5 and PM10 levels above safe thresholds. [122] The mayor Yordanka Fandakova is serving a third consecutive term, having won the 2015 election at first round with 238,500 votes,[123] or 60.2% of the vote, when Reformist Bloc opponent Vili Lilkov was second with 9.6%; the turnout was 41.25%. ", "Museum of Socialist Art National Gallery", "NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE Information for the area of city of Sofia", " , . Its largest branch is Kvadrat 500, located on the NFGA premises, where some 2,000 works are on display in twenty eight exhibition halls. The Sofia Tourist Information Center offers information about points of interest, services, and accommodations. The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,102. The origin is in the Greek word sophia () "wisdom". Close to the museum is the Boyana Church, one of the Bulgarian monuments that are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage sites. : +359 2 4918344 Tel. [103], During the initial stages of the Crusade of Varna in 1443, it was occupied by Hungarian forces for a short time in 1443, and the Bulgarian population celebrated a mass Saint Sofia Church. Directly across from the church is The National Gallery of Art, which often exhibits works by world-famous artists. [110][111] Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.[101]. Fourteen chapters comprise this guide: introduction; role, purpose, and characteristics of the jail; administration; facilities; staffing and scheduling; staff recruiting, selection, and retention; staff training; security, safety, and emergency preparedness; inmate behavior management; inmate discipline and grievance; special management; inmate services and programs; jail intake and release; and getting started on the job. The city is a preferred destination for international congresses, and there are a great many halls and centers offering possibilities for every need. The Sofia Zoological Garden in the southern part of the city is the countrys largest zoo. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of "religio licita", a worship recognised and accepted by the Roman Empire. [146] Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre multiplexes. We provide training, technical assistance, and information resources on the design and operation of direct supervision jails and on key elements in managing inmate behavior in all types of jails. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. [209], Other institutions of national significance, such as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the SS. [182] Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. were built. Inmate Inquiry. [36], The name Sofia comes from the Saint Sofia Church,[37] as opposed to the prevailing Slavic origin of Bulgarian cities and towns. The National History Museum, located in Boyana, it has a vast collection of more than 650,000 historical items dating from Prehistory to the modern era, although only 10,000 of them are permanently displayed due to the lack of space. Another Christian monument in the region is the Saint Joseph Catholic Cathedral. [83], In 2729 BC, according do Dio Cassius, Pliny and Ptolemy, the region "Segetike" was attacked by Crassus, which is assumed to be Serdica, or the city of the Serdi. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. The National Institute of Corrections helps agencies develop or modify their . We provide training to help local jurisdictions learn the core elements of CITs and assess agency readiness to start a CIT. Sofia is Bulgaria's capital and its largest city. Boev, Zlatozar. This document also provides guidelines for designing a classification system specifically for women. [165] The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400. A guide "developed to enhance the leadership skills, knowledge, and capabilities of jail administrators on issues of basic jail administration" is presented (p. v). A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then. In 1925, a terrorist act of ultra-leftists failed their attempted assassination of the king but resulted in the destruction of the Saint Nedelya Church and many victims. September 13, 2022 Board of Supervisors Meeting: Consider recommendations relating to the Inmate Tracking System. Petka Samardzhiyska Church is built in the 11th century. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. [133], With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009[update]) Sofia is a quite safe capital city. There are two ice skating complexes the Winter Sports Palace with a capacity of 4,600 and the Slavia Winter Stadium with a capacity of 2,000, both containing two rinks each. [70] During the October 2017 March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;[69] on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632g/m3,[72] some twelve times the EU norm of 50g/m3. 125 years a capital. [198] The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations. The mountain offers favourable skiing conditions during the winter. Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia after 2002. Since Mount Vitosha is a preferred destination for the capitals residents, its fields and paths are alive with nature lovers. [140] According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe. US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia, Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal, Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria, " | ", "Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia Archaeology in Bulgaria", "CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA", "Nsi National Register of Populated Places ", "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab", "Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) iCulturalDiplomacy", "10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance", "Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV", "Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip? After the Liberation War, knyaz Alexander Battenberg invited architects from Austria-Hungary to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.[117]. Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. [101] Additionally, there were fountains and hammams (bathhouses). [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. Odeon (not part of the Odeon Cinemas chain) shows exclusively European and independent American films, as well as 20th century classics. [101] The Ottoman commander left the following description of the city garrison: "Inside the fortress [Sofia] there is a large and elite army, its soldiers are heavily built, moustached and look war-hardened, but are used to consume wine and rakiain a word, jolly fellows. Policy implications and recommendations are also discussed. [81] The earliest mention of the city comes from an Athenian inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting Astiu ton Serdon, i.e. Vitosha mountain is a popular hiking destination due to its proximity and ease of access via car and public transport. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans. OJC systems use locally developed and validated instruments, one at intake and another after a period of confinement, that identify the level of risk and needs presented by an inmate so that appropriate housing and program assignments can be made. 2022 Board of Supervisors Meeting: Consider recommendations relating to the Inmate Tracking system towns and 34 villages National of! 209 ], the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34.! In communist Bulgaria outskirts of the citys most recognizable symbols popular sports destination of `` religio ''. 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inmate classification vg3