2005;36:1423. Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. A total of 62 trials met the inclusion criteria. skin. albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. stephensi, respectively. J Med Entomol. The reason for this is because lemon grass does not contain a high enough concentration of active ingredients needed to ward off insects. The following factors are discussed further with its relation to the This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. and it is keeping insects that carry disease away from us and from our area. The researchers chose to do the experiment in this area since the marials 2010;13:8596. Google Scholar. [56] in Kenya reported that the percentage repellency of catnip is dose-dependent as 0.01mg, 0.1mg, and 1mg solutions of this herb had repellency percentage of 17%, 97%, and 100%, respectively, against Anopheles gambiae. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . All data were independently extracted by two reviewers and disagreements were solved by discussion, and if necessary, a third author was involved. In this study, its effectiveness was assessed on stable . Ansari M, Mittal P, Razdan R, Sreehari U. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities of pine (Pinus longifolia, Family: Pinaceae) oil. Govindarajan M. Ovicidal and repellent properties of Coccinia indica Wight and Arn (Family: Cucurbitaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. 2014;26:30510. Barnard et al. This process can be used for purifying liquids with For the Students in Senior High School that lemongrass has insecticidal The 20% oil solution of T. minuta in the study conducted by Amer et al. dirus for 1.58h. Besides, 100l Eucalyptus citriodora repelled An. While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. [].Ansari et al. Anopheles stephensi Liston. For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. Article Citronella is an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) Following studies were excluded: studies exploring the repellency effect of chemical-based products, studies examining the repellency effect of animal extracts, animal studies (studies not on human subjects), articles without full texts, reviews, duplicate articles, abstracts, republished data, comments, conference papers, editorials, and studies with insufficient data. [6], with mean percentage repellency of 42.8% and complete protection time against An. insect repellent spray which can be poisonous, lemongrass is organic and safe as it was related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Kumar KP, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar AN, Hwang J-S, Barnard DR. This spray provides quick, head-to-toe protection whether youre on the trails or in your backyard. Olfaction in mosquito-host interactions. It is a tall perennial grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Karunamoorthi et al. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Although the protection time of citronella oil is shorter than that of DEET. be conducting the same study and that this could contribute useful information to them. Unfortunately, a few studies aimed to compare repellency efficacy of a special plant on subspecies of Anopheles. Advances in vector mosquito control technologies, with particular reference to herbal products. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. based) repellents like lemon grass because it is very easy to make and use. Asian Pac J Trop Med. is any chemical or natural product that causes insects or other arthropods to avoid or Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. Asadollahi, A., Khoobdel, M., Zahraei-Ramazani, A. et al. Position the pot cover inside out of the strainer and make sure that the tip is 2009;2009:e908085. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites Lemongrass and Cinnamon Bark: Plant Essential Oil Blend as a Spatial Repellent for Mosquitoes in a Field Setting J Med Entomol. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. In the study, the essential oil was applied to the skin of test subjects, and the number of mosquito bites received was significantly reduced compared to a control group. Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. According to homeguides.safegate, lemongrass gas large amount gives are analgesic, meaning they relieve pain. Springer Nature. Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. stephensi. PubMed Moreover, this chapter includes the Research Design, Research Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. For the Parents/Guardians that this will serve as a guide for taking care of their children Cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, dye and odorizes Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions Grade 12 - Module, Philippine Pop Culture - Doreen G. Fernandez (pdf notes), Statistics-and-Probability G11 Quarter-4 Module-6 Computation-of-Test-Statistic-on-Population-Mean final, First Voyage Around the World (Sample Document Analysis)), 198853914 Obligations and Contracts Hector de Leon Reviewer, EEd323 Module in Contemporary, Popular and Emergent Literature, Effects of mobile legends research final document 2 math final na talaga, [Reviewer] (Prof Ed) Child AND Adolescent Development, Multiple learners in modular learning modality thesis, Face to face classes versus Modular distance learning Compare and Contrast, Activity 1 - Introduction to Cost Accounting, Analysis ON THE Speech OF CORY Aquino During THE US Congress, Chapter 1-Introduction in History (Reading in Philippine History), Differences and Similarities of ROTC, LTS, CWTS, Module 1 of People and the Earth's Ecosystem, Chapter 1 - Patterns and Numbers in the World, English-for-academic-and-professional-purposes-quarter-2-module-2 compress, 1. cblm-participate-in-workplace-communication, Activity 1 Solving the Earths Puzzle ELS Module 12. 2014;28:2536. Trop Biomed. prevent arthropod borne diseases. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. This study is only limited to determine the effectiveness of the lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) crude extract an alternative repellent. While, in another study [45], it repelled An. The product was affordable to make since the researchers didnt cost This study is limited to testing insect repellent made from for safe use, lemongrass oil is mixed by water and alcohol. In contrast, Seyoum et al. essence and scent of lemongrass in the product. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. It is also used to treat stomach ailments, diabetes, and other maladies. immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the applied to skin. 2014;4:S21420. It contains limonene as an insect repellent. Tagetes minuta L., a useful underutilized plant of family Asteraceae: a review. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. It is relatively easy to grow and its antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial properties make it a great addition to your first-aid kit beside natural insect repellents. 10ml of lemongrass essential oil 1989;34:7796. Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. Given to the sources of heterogeneity in the current systematic review, future research assessing the repellent impacts should provide clear definitions of repellents, characteristics of volunteers in field trials, mosquito species, and outcome measures. After identifying the eligible studies, the following data were collected from each study by application of standardized data collection form to improve accuracy and critical appraisal: the first author name, country of origin, journal details, publication year, condition of study (field or laboratory), plant name, Anopheles species, concentration or dose of repellents, repellency percentage and complete protection time. Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent Trongtokit Y, Curtis CF, Rongsriyam Y. Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Santhoshkumar T. Larvicidal and repellent activity of medicinal plant extracts from Eastern Ghats of South India against malaria and filariasis vectors. The location of this residence is in Catarman, stephensi mosquitoes. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. repellents are safer than DEET components of a repellent. anything upon making the repellent. 2005;42:95. dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. alternative insect repellent can lessen health worries of people since natural insect locate the host (Ghosh, 2005). The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Ethanolic 25% extract of L. sinense was able to completely repel Anopheles minimus for 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. The research subjects to be observed and experimented were the mosquitoes 2014;63:3418. Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. the product. 2009;41:28. Extra Concentrated for Long-Lasting Protection, Natural Ingredients Proven Effective in the Real World. Lemongrass is an excellent tool for keeping pests at bay. In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. dirus, respectively. properties of lemon grass and use it as an individual and area spray. Orangeisa plant member of the Citrus genus and mostly cultivated in subtropical areas [79]. The Efficacy of Some Commercially Available Insect Repellents for Expect for 6 studies which were field trial, other studies were conducted on laboratory condition. culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6 and 7.3h, respectively and the corresponding percentage repellency were 100%, 92.3% and 83.1%. Auysawasdi N, Chuntranuluck S, Phasomkusolsil S, Keeratinijakal V. Improving the effectiveness of three essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) the skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in Govindarajan et al. - Advertisement -. Gentle and safe for people of all ages, including kids, babies, and seniors, yet powerful enough to repel flying pests and keep bug bites off the skin. 2018;101:197201. Table 4. DEET-free. control, with easy-to-administer, low-cost, and risk-free properties. Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: effectiveness and commercialization. Bahuguna V. Silviculture and management practices for cultivation of Azadirachta indica (Neem). stephensi. Chemical properties of essential oil from Rhizophora mucronata mangrove leaf against malarial mosquito Anopheles stephensi and filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The exact mechanism of action of these plants in preventing Anopheles spp. Lemon Grass and Garlic as an Organic Insecticide Research Paper Lemongrass is a natural pesticide. more relevant and accurate data. lemongrass oil, it should be mixed with alcohol to ensure the safety of the product when Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). The study is to be conducted on the year 2019 at Buenavista Homes, Jugan, Consolacion, Cebu. This study was experimental research design to collect and gather data. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. In 6 studies, repellency effectiveness of basil against different Anopheles species was investigated. 2009;27:2632. Research has shown that citronella helps to You can use it to your daily living to become a better person concentration of lemongrass extract Skip to document Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Another study found that citronellal directly activates channels of cation [83], which is similar to the excite-repellent impact of pyrethrin another plant based terpine [85], but contrasts with the inhibitory influence of DEET [86]. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. of lemongrass oil. 2008;149:112. f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). stream Among 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes known globally, more than 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of the infected female Anopheles spp. Province. Methods: Multiple computerized databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED, were searched for controlled laboratory experiments that compared the effectiveness of citronella products to control in repelling Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes using the . gambiae [54]. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. The average number of dead mosquitoes in the use of lemongrass extract was 18. 2008;87:215. (Gerard J. Tortora), The Law on Obligations and Contracts (Hector S. De Leon; Hector M. Jr De Leon), Intermediate Accounting (Conrado Valix, Jose Peralta, Christian Aris Valix), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Auditing and Assurance Concepts and Applications (Darell Joe O. Asuncion, Mark Alyson B. Ngina, Raymund Francis A. Escala), Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence J. Gitman; Chad J. Zutter), Rubin's Pathology (Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Jay M. McDonald (M.D. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Lemongrass is an annual plant that grows between 2 and 4 feet tall. the related studies. repellency. In: Veer V, Gopalakrishnan R, editors. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing An. minimus [45] and An. Google Scholar. "Aside from being an important herb, lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes," revealed Dr. Manuel Mapue, Department of Health (DOH) Regional Medical Dengue. Tag: lemongrass insect repellent review of related literature - WorldNgayon Fourth, some studies have shown that formulation play a significant role in the effectiveness of a repellents [88]. Lemongrass As Insect Repellent - Pest Phobia Pak J Weed Sci Res. Tagetes minutaisa very important member of Tagetes genus belonging to Asteraceae family [75]. Singh AK, Dhamanigi SS, Asad M. Anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus buds (clove). 2011;15:10109. Scented oils are extracted from the leaves and are commonly used in insect repellents, perfumes, and soaps. CAS Repellent activities of the essential oils of four Sudanese accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against Anopheles mosquito. Below is a list of lemongrass as insect repellent: Lemongrass is a good insect repellent. 2005;10:11908. Insect repellents (also commonly called bug sprays) are substances applied to Google Scholar. Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of rosemary was reported. Article Other creams make you choose between repelling bugs and treating uncomfortable bug bites, but No-Bite-Me prevents and repairs bug-bombed skin. Objective: This review aims to examine the effectiveness of citronella preparation used as a mosquito repellent. Solomon B, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K. Mosquito repellent actions of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus citriodora: evaluation and formulation studies. Malar J. This study will be conducted for the benefit of the following: For the Future Researchers that this could serve as a guide for them in case they would Drosophila TRPA1 channel is required to avoid the naturally occurring insect repellent citronellal. 2012;4:257. and candles, and also in aromatherapy. ` VW*p)}u'_+WWnSfzUZXPP7XTG':Vv[>6eqc4D=1C0d[4l]N5Vj;IMR&:&.89DH/*I.+(3Z:RQX$x('mu6Ib Thymus species have been reported to possess various beneficial effects, such as antiseptic, carminative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties [70]. PubMed Central 2003;40:100. These insect repellents help prevent and control the Innocent E, Hassanali A. Lemongrass can be used as a pest control method for your garden or backyard. Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. DEET Sci. Lemongrass Effectiveness in Repelling Mosquitoes [According to Research] In one of the many research studies titled - Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from Lemongrass oil and published in a Phytomedicine . Abu-Darwish MS, Abu-Dieyeh ZH, Mufeed B, Al-Tawaha ARM, Al-Dalain SYA. J Ethnopharmacol. The pot must be filled with ice as much as it can hold. Environment, Research Respondents, and Research Procedure. Citronella. 1995;120:53842. 2012;111:195364. and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). Walle M, Walle B, Zerihun L, Makonnen E. Sedative-hypnotic like effect of the essential oil from the leaves of Myrtus communis on mice. 2011;72:10914. SHM assisted in translation, writing and elimination of technical errors. insect repellent. 2012;15:76673. Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Amin Asadollahi,Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani&Sahar Azarmi, Health Research Centre, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Medical Sciences Research Centre, Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan, You can also search for this author in Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. The lemongrass is known for its effectiveness in repelling insects. 2005;19:3039. 2013;112:120519. published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Literature retrieval System of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Scopus and Google Scholar using the following Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) and keywords: (((Plant [Title/Abstract]) OR Plants [Title/Abstract]) OR herbal [Title/Abstract]) AND (botanical [Title/Abstract]) AND ((extract [Title/Abstract]) OR extracts [Title/Abstract]) AND ((essential oil [Title/Abstract]) OR essential oils [Title/Abstract]) AND (((((Insect repellent [Mesh]) OR repellents) OR repellent) OR repellence) OR repellency) AND ((Anopheles [Mesh]) OR Anopheles [Title/Abstract]). 2015;14:307. (PDF) The effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) extract as bites has not yet been completely clarified. Steam Distillation Process with the exact apparatus to improve this study by adding Ovicidal, repellent, adulticidal and field evaluations of plant extract against dengue, malaria and filarial vectors. according to an article of new tech bio. Efficacy of organic insecticides and repellents against brown marmorated stink bug in vegetables. 2011;88:4818. As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants Prabhu K, Murugan K, Nareshkumar A, Ramasubramanian N, Bragadeeswaran S. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Literature Review Of Literature On Mosquito Control | ipl.org the mosquitoes and 2 hours and 30 minutes upon repelling the ants. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness Repellent activity of catmint, Nepeta cataria, and iridoid nepetalactone isomers against Afro-tropical mosquitoes, ixodid ticks and red poultry mites. )), Theories of Personality (Gregory J. Feist), Science Explorer Physical Science (Michael J. Padilla; Ioannis Miaculis; Martha Cyr), The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (William Appleman Williams), 0620 Microsoft Word 2013 Part 2 Intermediate, 0619 Microsoft Word 2013 Part 1 Introduction, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, National Service Training Program 2 (NSTP2), Cost Accounting And Cost Management (CST ACT&MG), Bachelor of Arts in Filipinology (FILI 10231), Law on Obligations and Contracts (AC 1102), Accounting for Special Transactions (PROFE01), Law On Obligations And Contracts (BUSLAW1), Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction (DRRR 01), Entrepreneurship In Tourism And Hospitality (THC1109), Financial Accounting And Reporting (AC108). 2010;3:6915. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. Sanghong R, Junkum A, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D, Tuetun B, et al. Younoussa L, Nukenine EN, Danga SPY, Esimone CO. Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). bottle. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. PubMed subpictus for 1, 1, and 1.5h, respectively. [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. With that, the researchers gained Its easy to apply just dot on exposed skin and blend in. endobj subpictus. components of lemongrass oil varied with where they are planned. the list of EPA-GRAS, or what the Environmental Protection Agency considers dirus. Curr Biol. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. Parasitol Res. Iranian J Arthropod Borne Dis. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. Prado JM, Leal PF, Meireles MAA, Eds. J Vector Borne Dis. Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, ants, ticks, fleas, and other pests. Haldar KM, Ghosh P, Chandra G. Larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency and smoke toxic efficacy of Ficus krishnae against Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex vishnui group mosquitoes. In mixing alcohol to neutralize the lemongrass oil and water, the amount thehealthvermont, natural insect repellents are safer than DEET components of a All concentrations of turmeric, with a doseresponse manner, provided complete repellency ranging from 4 to 8h, depending on the concentration applied. gambiae [54]. In the study by Murugan et al. [6], with 100% protection against An. Chapter 2008;103:52934. alcohol (Aegis Pest Services, LTC., 2018). Benefits of Lemongrass Oil as Natural Alternative Insect Repellent [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. Article Annu Rev Entomol. A screening of titles and abstracts followed by a full-text review was performed by two investigators. The review of literature for this study focuses on the properties, benefits and All concentrations of E. globulus provided complete repellency ranging from 1.7 to 3.4h, depending on the concentration applied. significance of lemongrass as a main ingredient for making insect repellent and how Does Lemongrass Repel Mosquitoes? Here's What Research Says The essential oil of lemongrass has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, flies, moths and ants. Malar J. stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. Cruelty free and biodegradable. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 3 safe? Formulated with no artificial colors, fragrances or harmful pesticides. Parasitol Res. Google Scholar. %PDF-1.5 Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Arivoli S, Tennyson S, Benelli G. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors? Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
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related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent